12/2/2023 0 Comments Nms carbon nanotubesThe range of values for some key IEMs properties for ED is shown in Table 1.ĭetails on IEMs properties and their characterization are treated elsewhere. The IEMs used for ED desalination are required to have high performance in a number of properties, including ion exchange capacity (IEC), transport number, permselectivity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity. Each set of AEMs and CEMs makes up a cell pair. A number of CEMs and AEMs are organized in an alternating fashion between an anode and a cathode, with an electrical potential applied between the electrodes. Therefore, the main focus in this review will be on ED.Ī schematic overview of an ED desalination process is shown in Fig. 2 To date, ED has been the most widely researched and commercially adopted electromembrane desalination process. 2, 3 Based on this mode of operation, electromembrane desalination was developed, as evidenced by electrodialysis (ED) desalination-which is the first large-scale industrial process to utilize IEMs. 2, 3 Membranes with fixed negatively charged groups, termed cation exchange membranes (CEMs), prevent the passage of anions but allow cations to pass through. Membranes with fixed positively charged groups, termed anion exchange membranes (AEMs), preclude the passage of cations but permit the passage of anions. IEMs contain charged groups, affixed to the polymer backbone of the membrane material, which partially or totally prevent ions with the same charge from passing through the membrane. The aims of this article are to provide a snap shot of the current status of nanomaterials incorporation in ion exchange membranes, to assess the status of nanomaterials-facilitated ion exchange membranes research for electromembrane desalination, and to stimulate progress in this area. The nanomaterials employed in ion exchange membranes fabrication include carbon nanotubes, graphene-based nanomaterials, silica, titanium (IV) oxide, aluminum oxide, zeolite, iron (II, III) oxide, zinc oxide, and silver. This review reports on the advances in nanomaterials incorporated ion exchange membranes applicable to desalination. Much research on nanomaterials incorporated ion exchange membranes was conducted for the purpose of fuel cell applications rather than electromembrane desalination. The incorporation of nanomaterials is one of the popular approaches employed. The challenges associated with ion exchange membranes have drawn the attention of many researchers, who have investigated various approaches to enhance their properties. Electromembrane desalination processes, such as electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionization, belong to a category of desalination technologies, which involve the removal of ions from ionic solutions with the use of electrically charged membranes termed ion exchange membranes. In order to address the increasing demand for fresh water due to accelerated social and economic growth in the world, water treatment technologies, such as desalination, have been rapidly developed in attempts to safeguard water security.
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